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Ethel M Smith (women's rights and union activist)
Ethel Marion Smith (1877-1951)〔http://www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/lccn-n2002090951〕 was a women’s rights activist and a union activist in the early 1920s. She participated in women’s organizations such as the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL). She also worked with other union organizations such as the National Federation of Federal Employees (NFFE) and the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Ethel Smith spent her life promoting the idea of equal compensation for equal work regardless of gender in order to protect the rights of the individual worker as well as society as a whole.
==Early Life==
Born in Sangamon County, Illinois on 1 November 1877 to Richard Peter Smith and Marion Elizabeth Patterson, she was the oldest of three children.〔http://records.ancestry.com/ethel_marion_smith_records.ashx?pid=19220207〕 Smith’s father, Richard Smith, was a wage worker, moving from one job to another in order to make a living wage for himself and his family. His work ranged from farmer to teacher to deputy sheriff, he even ran a stable business for a short period of time.〔Butler, Amy E, Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith, (Albany, State University Press), 12.〕 In 1895 Ethel Smith graduated from High School and went to work as a stenographer. In 1897 Smith went to Chicago to take a test in order to qualify her to become a stenographer at the Census Office. Subsequently, she worked at the Office of Chief Division of Manufactures in the 12th Census of the United States for about ten months earning about $600 a year.
In 1901 Ethel Smith was transferred to the Bureau of Fisheries to work as a clerk and as a stenographer making $720 a year.〔Butler, Amy E, Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith, (Albany, State University Press), 13.〕 After a few months Smith was promoted by the Civil Service Commission to be the private secretary to the Chief of the Division of Scientific Inquiry with a pay increase to $1000 a year, making Ethel Smith one of the highest paid women in civil service.〔Butler, Amy E, Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith, (Albany, State University Press), 14.〕 During the summer of 1901 and the two summers following, Smith assisted the director of Scientific Inquiry as he worked in Woods Hole, Massachusetts as director of Commissions Laboratory.〔Butler, Amy E, Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith, (Albany, State University Press), 15.〕 Smith also worked as a librarian for residence research workers during this time.
In 1904 Ethel Smith assisted the editor of the Civil Service Commission publications in Washington D.C., a job she would eventually take over as editor in 1906 till 1914. By 1912 Smith had been passed over for promotion several times and received no increase in pay. Although she was earning $1600 a year it was still less than her predecessors.〔Butler, Amy E, Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith, (Albany, State University Press), 15.〕 When she brought the issue up to her superiors she was told that they had no intention of promoting her or increasing her pay because of the belief that as a woman she could not be the primary bread winner.〔Butler, Amy E, Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith, (Albany, State University Press), 16.〕 As a result, in 1912 Ethel Smith began to do volunteer work for the suffrage movement in the evenings.
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